ACTFL PROFICIENCY GUIDELINES

 

The ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines, developed by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, are an academic analog to the government language proficiency level descriptions, originally developed by the Foreign Service Institute and currently revised and used by the various language schools participating in the Interagency Language Roundtable (IRL).  The government level descriptions differ from the ACTFL Guidelines in that a number system is used to designate eleven levels of proficiency, ranging from 0 to 5 (0, 0+, 1, 1+, 2, 2+, 3, 3+, 4, 4+, and 5), whereas the ACTFL Guidelines use the terms Novice, Intermediate, Advanced, and Superior to designate proficiency levels.  In addition, the categories of Novice and Intermediate are further subdivided into three categories: Low, Mid, and High; the Advanced level is subdivided into Advanced and Advanced Plus (corresponding to 2 and 2+ on the government scale); the Superior level comprises the government levels 3, 3+, 4, 4+ and 5.  Further discussion of the correspondence between the government and academic scales can be found in Chapter 1 (Teaching Language in Context, 2nd ed., Alice Omaggio Hadley, Heinle and Heinle, 1993).

GENERIC DESCRIPTIONS—SPEAKING

(1999 Revision)

NOVICE	Novice-level speakers are characterized by the ability to: respond to simple questions on the most common features of daily life; convey minimal meaning to interlocutors experienced with dealing with foreigners by using isolated words, lists of words, memorized phrases and some personalized recombinations of words and phrases; satisfy a very limited number of immediate needs.
Novice-Low	Speakers at the Novice-Low level have no real functional ability and, because of their pronunciation, they may be unintelligible.  Given adequate time and familiar cues, they may be able to exchange greetings, give their identity, and name a number of familiar objects from their immediate environment.  They are unable to perform functions or handle topics pertaining to the Intermediate level, and cannot therefore participate in a true conversational exchange.
Novice-Mid	Speakers at the Novice-Mid level communicate minimally and with difficulty by using a number of isolated words and memorized phrases limited by the particular context in which the language has been learned.  When responding to direct questions, they may utter only two or three words at a time or an occasional stock answer.  They pause frequently as they search for simple vocabulary or attempt to recycle their own and their interlocutor’s words.  Because of hesitations, lack of vocabulary, inaccuracy, or failure to respond appropriately, Novice-Mid speakers may be understood with great difficulty even by sympathetic interlocutors accustomed to dealing with non-natives. When called on to handle topics by performing functions associated with the Intermediate level, they frequently resort to repetitions, words from their native language, or silence.
Novice-High	Speakers at the Novice-High level are able to handle a variety of tasks pertaining to the Intermediate level, but are unable to sustain performance at that level.  They are able to manage successfully a number of uncomplicated communicative tasks in straightforward social situations.  Conversation is restricted to a few of the predictable topics necessary for survival in the target language culture, such as basic personal information, basic objects and a limited number of activities, preferences and immediate needs.  Novice-High speakers respond to simple, direct questions or requests for information; they are able to ask only a very few formulaic questions when asked to do so. Novice-High speakers are able to express personal meaning by relying heavily on learned phrases or recombinations of these and what they hear form their interlocutor.  Their utterances, which consist mostly of short and sometimes incomplete sentences in the present, may be hesitant or inaccurate.  On the other hand, since these utterances are frequently only expansions of learned material and stock phrases, they may sometimes appear surprisingly fluent and accurate. These speakers’ first language may strongly influence their pronunciation, as well as their vocabulary and syntax when they attempt to personalize their utterances.  Frequent misunderstandings may arise but, with repetitions or rephrasing, Novice-High speakers can generally be understood by sympathetic interlocutors used to non-natives.  When called on to handle simply a variety of topics and perform functions pertaining to the Intermediate level, a Novice-High speaker can sometimes respond in intelligible sentences, but will not be able to sustain sentence level discourse.

INTERMEDIATE	Intermediate-level speakers are characterized by the ability to: participate in simple, direct conversations on generally predictable topics related to daily activities and personal environment; create with the language and communicate personal meaning to sympathetic interlocutors by combining language elements in discrete sentences and strings of sentences; obtain and give information by asking and answering questions; sustain and bring to a close a number of basic, uncomplicated communicative exchanges, often in a reactive mode; satisfy simple personal needs and social demands to survive in the target language culture.
Intermediate-Low	Speakers at the Intermediate-Low level are able to handle successfully a limited number of uncomplicated communicative tasks by creating with the language in straightforward social situations.  Conversation is restricted to some of the concrete exchanges and predictable topics necessary for survival in the target language culture.  These topics relate to basic personal information covering, for example, self and family, some daily activities and personal preferences, as well as to some immediate needs, such as ordering food and making simple purchases.  At the Intermediate-Low level, speakers are primarily reactive and struggle to answer direct questions or requests for information, but they are also able to ask a few appropriate questions. Intermediate-Low speakers express personal meaning by combining and recombining into short statements what they know and what they hear from their interlocutors.  Their utterances are often filled with hesitancy and inaccuracies as they search for appropriate linguistic forms and vocabulary while attempting to give form to the message.  Their speech is characterized by frequent pauses, ineffective reformulations and self-corrections.  Their pronunciation, vocabulary and syntax are strongly influenced by their first language but, in spite of frequent misunderstandings that require repetitions or rephrasing, Intermediate-Low speakers can generally be understood by sympathetic interlocutors, particularly by those accustomed to dealing with non-natives.
Intermediate-Mid	Speakers at the Intermediate-Mid level are able to handle successfully a variety of uncomplicated communicative tasks in straightforward social situations.  Conversation is generally limited to those predictable and concrete exchanges necessary for survival in the target culture; these include personal information covering self, family, home, daily activities, interests and personal preferences, as well as physical and social needs, such as food, shopping, travel and lodging. Intermediate-Mid speakers tend to function reactively, for example, by responding to direct questions or requests for information.  However, they are capable of asking a variety of questions when necessary to obtain simple information to satisfy basic needs, such as directions, prices and services.  When called on to perform functions or handle topics at the Advanced level, they provide some information but have difficulty linking ideas, manipulating time and aspect, and using communicative strategies, such as circumlocution. Intermediate-Mid speakers are able to express personal meaning by creating with the language, in part by combining and recombining known elements and conversational input to make utterances of sentence length and some strings of sentences.  Their speech may contain pauses, reformulations and self-corrections as they search for adequate vocabulary and appropriate language forms to express themselves.  Because of inaccuracies in their vocabulary and/or pronunciation and/or grammar and/or syntax, misunderstandings can occur, but Intermediate-Mid speakers are generally understood by sympathetic interlocutors accustomed to dealing with non-natives.
Intermediate-High	Intermediate-High speakers are able to converse with ease and confidence when dealing with most routine tasks and social situations of the Intermediate level.  They are able to handle successfully many uncomplicated tasks and social situations requiring an exchange of basic information related to work, school, recreation, particular interest and areas of competence, though hesitation and errors may be evident. Intermediate-High speakers handle the tasks pertaining to the Advanced level, but they are unable to sustain performance at that level over a variety of topics.  With some consistency, speakers at the Intermediate-High level narrate and describe in major time frames using connected discourse of paragraph length.  However, their performance of these Advanced-level tasks will exhibit one or more features of breakdown, such as the failure to maintain the narration or description semantically or syntactically in the appropriate major time frame, the disintegration of connected discourse, the misuse of cohesive devises, a reduction in breadth and appropriateness of vocabulary, the failure to successfully circumlocute, or a significant amount of hesitation. Intermediate-High speakers can generally be understood by native speakers unaccustomed to dealing with non-natives, although the dominant language is still evident (e.g. use of code-switching, false cognates, literal translations, etc.), and gaps in communication may occur.

ADVANCED	Advanced-level speakers are characterized by the ability to: participate actively in conversations in most informal and some formal settings on topics of personal and public interest; narrate and describe in major time frames with good control of aspect; deal effectively with unanticipated complications through a variety of communicative devices; sustain communication by using, with suitable accuracy and confidence, connected discourse of paragraph length and substance; satisfy the demands of work and/or school situations.
Advanced-Low	Speakers at the Advanced-Low level are able to handle a variety of communicative tasks, although somewhat haltingly at times.  They participate actively in most informal and a limited number of formal conversations or activities related school, home, and leisure activities and, to a lesser degree, those related to events of work, current, public, and personal interest or individual relevance. Advanced-Low speakers demonstrate the ability to narrate and describe in all major time frames (past, present and future) in paragraph length discourse, but control of aspect may be lacking at times.  They can handle appropriately the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events that occurs within the context of a routine situation or communicative task with which they are others wise familiar, though at times their discourse may be minimal for the level and strained. Communicative strategies such as rephrasing and circumlocution may be employed in such instances. In their narrations and descriptions, they combine and link sentences into connected discourse of paragraph length.  When pressed for a fuller account, they tend to grope and rely on minimal discourse.  Their utterances are typically not longer than a single paragraph.  Structure of the dominant language is still evident in the use of false cognates, literal translations, or the oral paragraph structure of the speaker’s own language rather than that of the target language. While the language of Advanced-Low speakers may be marked by substantial, albeit irregular flow, it is typically somewhat strained and tentative, with noticeable self-correction and a certain ‘grammatical roughness.’  The vocabulary of Advanced-Low speakers is primarily generic in nature. Advanced-Low speakers contribute to the conversation with sufficient accuracy, clarity, and precision to convey their intended message without misrepresentation or confusion, and it can be understood by native speakers unaccustomed to dealing with non-natives, even though this may be achieved through repetition and restatement.  When attempting to perform functions or handle topics associated with the Superior level, the linguistic quality and quantity of their speech will deteriorate significantly.
Advanced-Mid	Speakers at the Advanced-Mid level are able to handle with ease and confidence a large number of communicative tasks.  They participate actively in most informal and some formal exchanges on a variety of concrete topics relating to work, school, home, and leisure activities, as well as to events of current, public, and personal interest or individual relevance. Advanced-Mid speakers demonstrate the ability to narrate and describe in all major time frames (past, present, and future) by providing a full account, with good control of aspect, as they adapt flexibly to the demands of the conversation.  Narration and description tend to be combined and interwoven to related relevant and supporting facts in connected, paragraph-length discourse. Advanced-Mid speakers can handle successfully and with relative ease the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events that occurs within the context of a routine situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar.  Communicative strategies such as circumlocution or rephrasing are often employed for this purpose.  The speech of Advanced-Mid speakers performing Advance-level tasks is marked by substantial flow.  Their vocabulary is fairly extensive although primarily generic in nature, except in the case of a particular area of specialization or interest.  Dominant language discourse structures tend to recede, although discourse may sill reflect the oral paragraph structure of their own language rather than that of the target language. Advanced-Mid speakers contribute to conversations on a variety of familiar topics, dealt with concretely, with much accuracy, clarity and precision, and they convey their intended message without misrepresentation or confusion.  They are readily understood by native speakers unaccustomed to dealing with non-natives.  When called on to perform functions or handle topics associated with the Superior level, the quality and/or quantity of their speech will generally decline.  Advanced-mid speakers are often able to state an opinion or cite conditions; however, they lack the ability to consistently provide a structured argument in extended discourse.  Advanced-Mid speakers may use a number of delaying strategies, resort to narration, description, explanation or anecdote, or simply attempt to avoid the linguistic demands of Superior-level tasks.
Advanced-High	Speakers at the Advanced-High level perform all Advanced-level tasks with linguistic ease, confidence and competence.  They are able to constantly explain in detail and narrate fully and accurately in all time frames.  In addition, Advanced-High speakers handle the tasks pertaining to the Superior level but cannot sustain performance at that level across a variety of topics.   They can provide a structured argument to support their opinions, and they may construct hypotheses, but patterns of error appear.  They can discuss some topics abstractly, especially those relating to their particular interests and special fields of expertise, but in general, they are more comfortable discussing a variety of topics concretely. Advanced-High speakers may demonstrate a well-developed ability to compensate for an imperfect grasp of some forms or for limitations in vocabulary by the confident use of communicative strategies, such as paraphrasing, circumlocution, and illustration.  They use precise vocabulary and intonation to express meaning and often show great fluency and ease of speech.  However, when called on to perform the complex tasks associated with the Superior level over a variety of topics their language will at times break down or prove inadequate, or they may avoid the task altogether, for example, by resorting to simplification through the use of description or narration in place of argument or hypothesis.

SUPERIOR

Superior-level speakers are characterized by the ability to: participate fully and effectively I conversations in formal and informal settings on topics related to practical needs and areas of professional and/or scholarly interests; provide a structured argument to explain and defend opinions and develop effective hypotheses within extended discourse discuss topics concretely and abstractly deal with a linguistically unfamiliar situation maintain a high degree of linguistic accuracy satisfy the linguistic dements of professional and/or scholarly life. Speakers at the Superior level are able to communicate in the language with accuracy and fluency in order to participate fully and effectively in conversations on a variety of topics in formal and informal settings from both concrete and abstract perspectives.  They discuss their interests and special fields of competence, explain complex matters in detail, and provide lengthy and coherent narrations, all with ease, fluency and accuracy.  They explain their opinions on a number of topics of importance to them, such as social and political issues, and provide structured argument to support their opinions.  They are able to construct and develop hypotheses to explore alternative possibilities.  When appropriate, they use extended discourse without unnaturally lengthy hesitation to make their point, even when engaged in abstract elaborations.  Such discourse, while coherent, may still be influenced by the Superior speakers’ own language patterns, rather than those of the target language. Superior speakers command a variety of interactive and discourse strategies, such as turn-taking and separating main ideas from supporting information through the use of syntactic and lexical devices, as well as intonational features such as pitch, stress and tone.  They demonstrate virtually no pattern of error in the use of basic structures.  However, they may make sporadic errors, particularly in low-frequency structures and in some complex high-frequency structures more common to formal speech and writing.  Such errors, if they do occur, do not distract the native interlocutor or interfere with communication.

GENERIC DESCRIPTIONS—LISTENING

These guidelines assume that all listening tasks take place in an authentic environment at a normal rate of speech using standard or near-standard norms.

NOVICE
Novice-Low	Understanding is limited to occasional isolated words, such as cognates, borrowed words, and high-frequency social conventions.  Essentially no ability to comprehend even short utterances.
Novice-Mid	Able to understand some short, learned utterances, particularly where context strongly supports understanding and speech is clearly audible.  Comprehends some words and phrases from simple questions, statements, high-frequency commands and courtesy formulae about topics that refer to basic personal information or the immediate physical setting.  The listener requires long pauses for assimilation and periodically requests repetition and/or slower rate of speech.
Novice-High	Able to understand short, learned utterances and some sentence-length utterances, particularly where context strongly supports understanding and speech is clearly audible.  Comprehends words and phrases from simple questions, statements, high-frequency commands and courtesy formulae.  May require repetition, rephrasing and/or a slowed rate of speech for comprehen­sion.

INTERMEDIATE
Intermediate-Low	Able to understand sentence-length utterances which consist of re-combinations of learned elements in a limited number of content areas, particularly if strongly supported by the situational context.  Content refers to basic personal background and needs, social conventions and routine tasks, such as getting meals and receiving simple instructions and directions.  Listening tasks pertain primarily to spontaneous face-to-face conversations.  Understanding is often uneven; repetition and rewording may be necessary.  Misunderstandings in both main ideas and details arise frequently.
Intermediate-Mid	Able to understand sentence-length utterances which consist of re-combinations of learned utterances on a variety of topics.  Content continues to refer primarily to basic personal background and needs, social conventions and somewhat more complex tasks, such as lodging, transportation, and shopping.  Additional content areas include some personal interests and activities, and a greater diversity of instructions and directions.  Listening tasks not only pertain to spontaneous face-to-face conversations but also to short routine telephone conversations and some deliberate speech, such as simple announcements and reports over the media.  Understanding continues to be uneven.
Intermediate-High	Able to sustain understanding over longer stretches of connected discourse on a number of topics pertaining to different times and places; however, understanding is inconsistent due to failure to grasp main ideas and/or details.  Thus, while topics do not differ significantly from those of an Advanced level listener, comprehension is less in quantity and poorer in quality.

ADVANCED
Advanced	Able to understand main ideas and most details of connected discourse on a variety of topics beyond the immediacy of the situation.  Comprehension may be uneven due to a variety of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors, among which topic familiarity is very prominent.  These texts frequently involve description and narration in different time frames or aspects, such as present, non-past, habitual, or imperfective.  Texts may include interviews, short lectures on familiar topics, and news items and reports primarily dealing with factual information.  Listener is aware of cohesive devices but may not be able to use them to follow the sequence of thought in an oral text.
Advanced-Plus	Able to understand the main ideas of most speech in a standard dialect; however, the listener may not be able to sustain comprehension in extended discourse which is propositionally and linguistically complex.  Listener shows an emerging awareness of culturally implied meanings beyond the surface meanings of the text but may fail to grasp sociocultural nuances of the message.
SUPERIOR	Able to understand the main ideas of all speech in a standard dialect, including technical discussion in a field of specialization.  Can follow the essentials of extended discourse which is propositionally and linguistically complex, as in academic/professional settings, in lectures, speeches, and reports.  Listener shows some appreciation of aesthetic norms of target language, of idioms, colloquialisms, and register shifting.  Able to make inferences within the cultural framework of the target language.  Understanding is aided by an awareness of the underlying organizational structure of the oral text and includes sensitivity for its social and cultural references and its effective overtones.  Rarely misunderstands but may not understand excessively rapid, highly colloquial speech or speech that has strong cultural references.
DISTINGUISHED	Able to understand all forms and styles of speech pertinent to personal, social and professional needs tailored to different audiences.  Shows strong sensitivity to social and cultural references and aesthetic norms by processing language from within the cultural framework.  Texts include theater plays, screen productions, editorials, symposia, academic debates, public policy statements, literary readings, and most jokes and puns.  May have difficulty with some dialects and slang.

GENERIC DESCRIPTIONS—READING

These guidelines assume all reading texts to be authentic and legible.

 

NOVICE
Novice-Low	Able occasionally to identify isolated words and/or major phrases when strongly supported by context.
Novice-Mid	Able to recognize the symbols of an alphabetic and/or syllabic writing system and/or limited number of characters in a system that uses characters.  The reader can identify an increasing number of highly contextualized words and/or phrases including cognates and borrowed words, where appropriate.  Material understood rarely exceeds a single phrase at a time, and rereading may be required.
Novice-High	Has sufficient control of the writing system to interpret written language in areas of practical need.  Where vocabulary has been learned, can read for instructional and directional purposes standardized messages, phrases or expressions, such as some items on menus, schedules, timetables, maps, and signs.  At times, but not on a consistent basis, the Novice-High level reader may be able to derive meaning from material at a slightly higher level where context and/or extra linguistic background knowledge are supportive.

INTERMEDIATE
Intermediate-Low	Able to understand main ideas and/or some facts from the simplest connected texts dealing with basic personal and social needs.  Such texts are linguistically noncomplex and have a clear underlying internal structure, for example chronological sequencing.  They impart basic information about which the reader has to make only minimal suppositions or to which the reader brings personal interest and/or knowledge.  Examples include messages with social purposes or information for the widest possible audiences, such as public announcements and short, straightforward instructions dealing with public life.  Some misunderstandings will occur.
Intermediate-Mid	Able to read consistently with increased understanding simple connected texts dealing with a variety of basic and social needs.  Such texts are still linguistically noncomplex and have a clear underlying internal structure.  They impart basic information about which the reader has to make minimal suppositions and to which the reader brings personal interest and/or knowledge.  Examples may include short, straightforward descriptions of persons, places, and things written for a wide audience.
Intermediate-High	Able to read consistently with full understanding simple connected texts dealing with basic personal and social needs about which the reader has personal interest and/or knowledge.  Can get some main ideas and information from texts at the next higher level featuring description and narration.  Structural complexity may interfere with comprehension; for example, basic grammatical relations may be misinterpreted and temporal references may rely primarily on lexical items.  Has some difficulty with the cohesive factors in discourse, such as matching pronouns with referents.  While texts do not differ significantly from those at the Advanced level, comprehension is less consistent.  May have to read material several times for understanding.

ADVANCED
Advanced	Able to read somewhat longer prose of several paragraphs in length, particularly if presented with a clear underlying structure.  The prose is predominantly in familiar sentence patterns.  Reader gets the main ideas and facts and misses some details.  Comprehension derives not only from situational and subject matter knowledge but from increasing control of the language.  Texts at this level include descriptions and narrations such as simple short stories, news items, bibliographical information, social notices, personal correspondence, routinized business letters and simple technical material written for the general reader.
Advanced-Plus	Able to follow essential points of written discourse at the Superior level in areas of special interest or knowledge.  Able to understand parts of texts which are conceptually abstract and linguistically complex, and/or texts which treat unfamiliar topics and situations, as well as some texts which involve aspects of target-language culture.  Able to comprehend the facts to make appropriate inferences.  An emerging awareness of the aesthetic properties of language and of its literary styles permits comprehension of a wider variety of texts, including literary.  Misunderstandings may occur.

SUPERIOR

Able to read with almost complete comprehension and at normal speed expository prose on unfamiliar subjects and a variety of literary texts.  Reading ability is not dependent on subject matter knowledge, although the reader is not expected to comprehend thoroughly texts which are highly dependent on knowledge of the target culture.  Reads easily for pleasure.  Superior-level texts feature hypotheses, argumentation and supported opinions and include grammatical patterns and vocabulary ordinarily encountered in academic/professional reading.  At this level, due to the control of general vocabulary and structure, the reader is almost always able to match the meanings derived from extra linguistic knowledge with meanings derived from knowledge of the language, allowing for smooth and efficient reading of diverse texts.  Occasional misunderstandings may still occur; for example, the reader may experience some difficulty with unusually complex structures and low-frequency idioms.  At the Superior level the reader can match strategies, top-down or bottom-up, which are most appropriate to the text. (Top-down strategies rely on real-world knowledge and prediction based on genre and organizational scheme of the text.  Bottom-up strategies rely on actual linguistic knowledge.)  Material at this level will include a variety of literary texts, editorials, correspondence, general reports and technical material in professional fields.  Rereading is rarely necessary, and misreading is rare.

DISTINGUISHED

Able to read fluently and accurately most styles and forms of the language pertinent to academic and professional needs.  Able to relate inferences in the text to real-world knowledge and understand almost all sociolinguistic and cultural references by processing language from within the cultural framework.  Able to understand a writer's use of nuance and subtlety.  Can readily follow unpredictable turns of thoughts and author intent in such materials as sophisticated editorials, specialized journal articles, and literary texts such as novels, plays, poems, as well as in any subject matter area directed to the general reader.

GENERIC DESCRIPTIONS—WRITING

(revision draft, 2000)

 

 

NOVICE
Novice-Low	Writers at the Novice-Low level are able to form letters in an alphabetic system and can copy and produce isolated, basic strokes in languages that use syllabaries or characters. Given adequate time and familiar cues, they can reproduce from memory a very limited number of isolated words or familiar phrases, but errors are to be expected.
Novice-Mid	Writers at the Novice-Mid level are able to copy or transcribe familiar words or phrases, and reproduce from memory a modest number of isolated words and phrases in context. They can supply limited information on simple forms and documents, and other basic biographical information, such as names, numbers, and nationality. Novice-Mid writers exhibit a high degree of accuracy when writing on well-practiced, familiar topics using limited formulaic language. With less familiar topics, there is a marked decrease in accuracy. Errors in spelling or in the representation of symbols may be frequent. There is little evidence of functional writing skills. At this level, the writing may be difficult to understand even by those accustomed to reading the texts of non-natives.
Novice-High	Writers at the Novice-High level are able to meet limited basic practical writing needs using lists, short messages, postcards, and simple notes, and to express themselves within the context in which the language was learned, relying mainly on practiced material. The writing is generally writer-centered and is focused on common, discrete elements of daily life. Novice-High writers are able to recombine learned vocabulary and structures to create simple sentences on very familiar topics, but the language they produce may only partially communicate what is intended. Control of features of the Intermediate level is not sustained due to inadequate vocabulary and/or grammar. Novice-High writing is often comprehensible to natives used to the writing of non-natives, but gaps in comprehension may occur.

INTERMEDIATE
Intermediate-Low	Writers at the Intermediate-Low level are able to meet some limited practical writing needs. They can create statements and formulate questions based on familiar material. Most sentences are recombinations of learned vocabulary and structures. These are short and simple conversational-style sentences with basic subject-verb-object word order. They are written mostly in present time with occasional and often incorrect use of past or future time. Writing tends to be a few simple sentences, often with repetitive structure. Vocabulary is limited to common objects and routine activities, adequate to express elementary needs. Writing is somewhat mechanistic and topics are limited to highly predictable content areas and personal information tied to limited language experience. There may be basic errors in grammar, word choice, punctuation, spelling, and in the formation and use of non-alphabetic symbols. When Intermediate-Low writers attempt to perform writing tasks at the Advanced level, their writing will deteriorate significantly and their message may be left incomplete. Their writing is understood by natives used to the writing of non-natives, although additional effort may be required.
Intermediate-Mid	Writers at the Intermediate-Mid level are able to meet a number of practical writing needs. They can write short, simple communications, compositions, descriptions, and requests for information in loosely connected texts that are based on personal preferences, daily routines, common events, and other topics related to personal experiences and immediate surroundings. Most writing is framed in present time, with inconsistent references to other time frames. The writing style closely resembles the grammar and lexicon of oral discourse. Writers at the Intermediate-Mid level show evidence of control of syntax in non-complex sentences and in basic verb forms, and they may demonstrate some ability to use grammatical and stylistic cohesive elements. This writing is best defined as a collection of discrete sentences and/or questions loosely strung together; there is little evidence of deliberate organization. Writers at the Intermediate-Mid level pay only sporadic attention to the reader of their texts; they focus their energies on the production of the writing rather than on the reception the text will receive. When Intermediate-Mid writers attempt Advanced-level writing tasks, the quality and/or quantity of their writing declines and the message may be unclear. Intermediate-Mid writers can be understood readily by natives used to the writing of non-natives.
Intermediate-High	Writers at the Intermediate-High level are able to meet all practical writing needs such as taking notes on familiar topics, writing uncomplicated letters, simple summaries, and compositions related to work, school experiences, and topics of current and general interest. Intermediate-High writers connect sentences into paragraphs using a limited number of cohesive devices that tend to be repeated, and with some breakdown in one or more features of the Advanced level. They can write simple descriptions and narrations of paragraph length on everyday events and situations in different time frames, although with some inaccuracies and inconsistencies. For example, they may be unsuccessful in their use of paraphrase and elaboration and/or inconsistent in the use of appropriate major time markers, resulting in a loss in clarity. In those languages that use verbal markers to indicate tense and aspect, forms are not consistently accurate. The vocabulary, grammar, and style of Intermediate-High writers essentially correspond to those of the spoken language. The writing of an Intermediate-High writer, even with numerous and perhaps significant errors, is generally comprehensible to natives not used to the writing of non-natives, but gaps in comprehension may occur.

ADVANCED
Advanced-Low	Writers at the Advanced-Low level are able to meet basic work and/or academic writing needs, produce routine social correspondence, write about familiar topics by means of narratives and descriptions of a factual nature, and write simple summaries. Advanced-Low writers demonstrate the ability to narrate and describe in major time frames with some control of aspect. Advanced-Low writers are able to combine and link sentences into texts of paragraph length and structure. Their writings, while adequate to satisfy the criteria of the Advanced level, may not be substantive. Writers at the Advanced-Low level demonstrate an ability to incorporate a limited number of cohesive devices but may resort to much redundancy, and awkward repetition. Subordination in the expression of ideas is present and structurally coherent, but generally relies on native patterns of oral discourse or the writing style of the writer=s first language. Advanced-Low writers demonstrate sustained control of simple target-language sentence structures and partial control of more complex structures. When attempting to perform functions at the Superior level, their writing will deteriorate significantly. Writing at the Advanced- Low level is understood by natives not used to the writing of non-natives although some additional effort may be required in the reading of the text.
Advanced-Mid	Writers at the Advanced-Mid level are able to meet a range of work and/or academic writing needs with good organization and cohesiveness that may reflect the principles of their first language. They are able to write straightforward summaries and write about familiar topics relating to interests and events of current, public, and personal relevance by means of narratives and descriptions of a factual nature. Advanced-Mid writers demonstrate the ability to narrate and describe with detail in all major time frames. Their writing is characterized by a range of general vocabulary that expresses thoughts clearly, at times supported by some paraphrasing or elaboration. Writing at the Advanced-Mid level exhibits some variety of cohesive devices in texts of several paragraphs in length. There is good control of the most frequently used target language syntactic structures, e.g., common word order patterns, coordination, subordination. There may be errors in complex sentences, as well as in punctuation, spelling, or the formation of non-alphabetic symbols and character production. While features of the written style of the target language may be present, Advanced-Mid writing may at times resemble oral discourse or the writing style of the first language. Advanced-Mid writing incorporates organizational features both of the target language or the writer=s first language. While Advanced-Mid writers are generally aware of writing for the other, with all the attendant tailoring required to accommodate the reader, they tend to be inconsistent in their aims and focus from time to time on the demands of production of the written text rather than on the needs of reception. When called on to perform functions or to treat topics at the Superior level, Advanced-Mid writers will generally manifest a decline in the quality and/or quantity of their writing, demonstrating a lack of the rhetorical structure, the accuracy, and the fullness of elaboration and detail that would be characteristic of the Superior level. Writing at the Advanced-Mid level is understood readily by natives not used to the writing of non-natives.
Advanced-High	Writers at the Advanced-High level are able to write about a variety of topics with significant precision and detail. They can handle most social and informal correspondence according to appropriate conventions. They can write summaries, reports, precis, and research papers. They can also write extensively about topics relating to particular interests and special areas of competence, but tend to emphasize the concrete aspects of such topics. Advanced-High writers can describe and narrate in all major time frames, with good control of aspect. In addition, they are able to demonstrate some ability to incorporate the functions and other criteria of the Superior level, showing some ability to develop arguments and construct hypotheses. They cannot, however, sustain those abilities and may have difficulty dealing with a variety of topics in abstract, global, and/or impersonal terms. They often show remarkable ease of expression when writing at the Advanced level, but under the demands of Superior-level writing tasks, patterns of error appear. Although they have good control of a full range of grammatical structures and a fairly wide general vocabulary, they may not use these comfortably and accurately in all cases. Weaknesses in grammar, syntax, vocabulary, spelling or symbol production, cohesive devices, or punctuation may occasionally distract the native reader from the message. Writers at the Advanced-High level do not consistently demonstrate flexibility to vary their style according to different tasks and readers. Their writing production often reads successfully but may fail to convey the subtlety and nuance of the Superior level.

SUPERIOR

Writers at the Superior level are able to produce most kinds of formal and informal correspondence, complex summaries, precis, reports, and research papers on a variety of practical, social, academic, or professional topics treated both abstractly and concretely. They use a variety of sentence structures, syntax, and vocabulary to direct their writing to specific audiences, and they demonstrate an ability to alter style, tone, and format according to the specific requirements of the discourse. These writers demonstrate a strong awareness of writing for the other and not for the self. Writers at the Superior level demonstrate the ability to explain complex matters, provide detailed narrations in all time frames and aspects, present and support opinions by developing cogent arguments and hypotheses. They can organize and prioritize ideas and maintain the thrust of a topic through convincing structure and lexicon and skillful use of writing protocols, especially those that differ from oral protocols, to convey to the reader what is significant. Their writing is characterized by smooth transitions between subtopics and clear distinctions made between principal and secondary ideas. The relationship among ideas is consistently clear, evidencing organizational and developmental principles such as cause and effect, comparison, chronology, or other orderings appropriate to the target language culture. These writers are capable of extended treatment of a topic which typically requires at least a series of paragraphs but can encompass a number of pages. Writers at the Superior level demonstrate a high degree of control of grammar and syntax, both general and specialized/professional vocabulary, spelling or symbol production, cohesive devices, and punctuation. Their vocabulary is precise and varied with textured use of synonyms, instead of mere repetition of key words and phrases. Their writing expresses subtlety and nuance and is at times provocative. Their fluency eases the reader’s task. Writers at the baseline of the Superior level will not demonstrate the full range of the functional abilities of educated native writers. For example, their writing may not totally reflect target language cultural, organizational, syntactic, or stylistic patterns. At the baseline Superior level, occasional errors may occur, particularly in low-frequency structures, but there is no pattern. Errors do not interfere with comprehension and they rarely distract the native reader.