What was it Like in the 1860s? |
| Music |
"Unfinished Symphony", Schubert
"Les Misérables", Victor Hugo
"The Blue Danube", Johann Strauss
"Don Carlos", Verdi
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| Literature |
Great Expectations, Charles Dickens
Little Women, Louisa May Alcott
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll
Das Kapital, Karl Marx
War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy
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| World Events |
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Czar Alexander II of Russia emancipates the serfs. French army occupies Mexico City. Twenty-six nations sign the Geneva Conventions. The Salvation Army is founded in London. Leopold II expands Belgian interests in the Congo. Otto von Bismarck instigates the Austro-Prussian War. Louis Pasteur's experiments lead to germ theory and Joseph Lister is first to use disinfectant during surgery. Cyrus Field lays the first successful transatlantic cable and Alfred Nobel invents dynamite. The Meiji Restoration begins in Japan. The Dominion of Canada is created and the Suez Canal completed.
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| U.S. History |
U.S. Presidents: Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865); Andrew Johnson (1865-1869). Elizabeth Cady Stanton speaks out for women's suffrage. Lincoln is elected President. South Carolina secedes from the Union, followed by 9 other states. The Civil War begins on April 12,  1861. Congress levies the first income tax. The Homestead Act is passed, and paper money is printed for the first time. Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address. The Emancipation Proclamation is signed. Navajos make the Long March, many not surviving. Civil War ends on April 9, 1865, and Lincoln is assassinated 5 days later. The Reconstruction Era begins in the South. The 14th Amendment is adopted and grants citizenship to former slaves. Alaska ceded to United States. Andrew Johnson is first president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, but is saved by one vote in Senate. The country's transcontinental railroad is completed. The first American Ph.D. is awarded by Yale University. Telegraph brings Pony Express to an abrupt end. West Virginia, Kansas, Nevada, and Nebraska are admitted to the Union.
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| At Salem Normal School |
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Students make shirts for Civil War soldiers. Nathaniel Ingersoll Bowditch, son of Nathaniel Bowditch, donates $5000. Katie Knapp of Canada enrolls. Agricultural course introduced to comply with state requirements. Daniel Barnard Hagar becomes the 3rd president of Salem Normal.
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1860s |
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